ABSTRACT
Resumo Fundamento A aterosclerose, em alguns casos, é uma condição assintomática, sendo necessário conhecer o grau de comprometimento arterial provocado pelas placas e sua associação com os fatores de risco. O exame de autópsia permite a compreensão dos processos básicos de doenças, assim como a avaliação e fornecimento de dados sobre a característica macroscópica do acometimento aterosclerótico. Objetivo Avaliar macroscopicamente e padronizar o acometimento aterosclerótico das artérias aorta, carótidas e ilíacas e comparar com a idade, o sexo e a causa de morte. Métodos Foram coletados 53 artérias aorta, 53 artérias carótida direita, 53 artérias carótida esquerda, 53 artérias ilíaca direita e 53 artérias ilíaca esquerda. Para essa avaliação, foi considerada a extensão de estrias lipídicas, de placas ateromatosas, de fibrose e de calcificação, as quais serviram de referência para pontuar a intensidade do acometimento aterosclerótico. Foram observados vários graus da aterosclerose e valores acurados para a classificação discreta, moderada e acentuada. Para a análise estatística, os dados foram analisados utilizando-se o software GraphPad Prism ® 7.0. As diferenças foram consideradas estatisticamente significativas quando "p" foi menor que 5% (p<0,05). Resultados As artérias carótidas apresentaram maior acometimento aterosclerótico em comparação às outras artérias avaliadas (K=15,73, p=0,0004). A ocorrência da aterosclerose se mostrou progressiva e significativa com o decorrer da idade (carótidas: t=6,321; p<0,0001; aortas: U=83,5; p<0,0001; ilíacas: U=306; p<0,0001) e na causa de morte cardiovascular (carótidas: t=5,047; p<0,0001; aortas: U=98,5; p=0,0068; ilíacas: U=467,5; p=0,0012). Conclusão A avaliação macroscópica da aterosclerose trata-se de uma forma inovadora e de baixo custo de avaliação através da visualização direta das placas ateroscleróticas, possibilitando uma associação com fatores de risco como idade avançada e doenças cardiovasculares, fornecendo dados importantes para a prática clínica.
Abstract Background Atherosclerosis, in some cases, is an asymptomatic condition, and it is important to know the degree of arterial impairment caused by plaques and its association with risk factors. Autopsy examination provides understanding of basic disease processes and assessment to data about macroscopic characteristic of atherosclerotic involvement. Objective To macroscopically assess and standardize atherosclerotic involvement of aorta, carotid and iliac arteries and compare with age, gender and causes of death. Methods We collected 53 aortic arteries, 53 right carotid arteries, 53 left carotid arteries, 53 right iliac arteries and 53 left iliac arteries. For this assessment, the extension of fatty streaks, atheromatous plaques, fibrosis and calcification were considered, being the reference to score the degree of atherosclerotic involvement. Many degrees of atherosclerosis and accurate values were observed for mild, moderate and severe classification. For statistical analysis, data were analyzed using the software GraphPad Prism® 7.0. Differences were considered statistically significant if p-value was less than 5% (p <0.05). Results Carotid arteries had greater atherosclerotic involvement compared to the other arteries (K = 15.73, p = 0.0004). Atherosclerosis was progressive and significant with increasing age (carotid arteries: t = 6.321; p <0.0001; aorta: U = 83.5; p <0.0001; iliac: U = 306; p <0.0001) and as cause of cardiovascular death (carotids: t = 5.047; p <0.0001; aorta: U = 98.5; p = 0.0068; iliac: U = 467.5; p = 0.0012). Conclusion Macroscopic assessment of atherosclerosis is an innovative and low-cost way of direct visualization of atherosclerotic plaques, enabling an association with risk factors such as increasing age and cardiovascular diseases, providing important data for clinical practice.
Subject(s)
Humans , Atherosclerosis , Plaque, Atherosclerotic , Aorta , Autopsy , Carotid Arteries , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Abstract Background: The evaluation of palatal rugae in human identification is important because these structures can remain intact for up to seven days after death. Aim: To compare the area and density of the palatal rugae between ages groups and genders. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional study. Methods and Material: Dental plaster models obtained from patients at the Orthodontic Clinic of University of Uberaba were selected. Two hundred patients were divided into four groups: Group 1:10-15 years; Group 2:16-30 years; Group 3:31-50 years; and Group 4:51-70 years. The palatal rugae and hard palate of each plaster model were outlined and photographed. The evaluation of the area of the hard palate and palatal rugae was performed using the ImageJ software. Statistical analysis used: Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Kruskal-Wallis, Chi-square and Spearman correlation tests using GraphPad Prism 5 statistical software. Results and conclusión: The areas of the palatal rugae and of the hard palate were significantly smaller in the group 4. There was a significant negative correlation between age and palatal rugae area, and between age and hard palatal area. The present study was the first to demonstrate that patients between 51 and 70 years have a smaller palatal rugae area and a smaller hard palate area when compared to other groups. Thus, the evaluation of the hard palate area and of palatal rugae could be used as an adjunct with other methods to determine the age group of an individual; however studies using larger sample size are needed to validate this observation.
Subject(s)
Postmortem Changes , Palate, Hard/diagnostic imaging , Forensic Dentistry/instrumentation , AnatomyABSTRACT
Abstract Objectives: to compare the percentage of collagen fibers in the autopsied women's uterine body and cervix with and without the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (Aids). Methods: 30 autopsied women's medical files were selected from 1988 to 2013. 30 fragments of the uterine body and 30 cervix were collected and then divided into two groups, 15 with Aids and 15 without, The quantification of the collagen fibers of the uterine body and cervix was performed on slides stained with picrosirius, using the KS-300® system. Results: the percentage of collagen fibers was lower for cervix (U=336544; p=0.001) and higher for the uterine body (U=308726,5; p=0.004) in the retroviral group when compared to the group without the disease. The percentage was higher for cervix than the uterine body in the group with Aids (t=0,4793; p=0.0031). the same result was found in the group without Aids (t=2,397; p=0.0637). Conclusions: the increase in the percentage of collagen fibers in the uterine body of women with Aids' indicates an immune response for viral infection and reveals a failure in keeping the infection restricted to the cervix. The interpretation of the histochemical and morphometric parameters can be useful in the diagnosis associated to HIV infection, contributing for clinical improvement and life expectancy.
Resumo Objetivos: comparar a porcentagem de fibras colágenas no corpo e colo uterino de mulheres autopsiadas com e sem a Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (Aids). Métodos: foram selecionados 30 prontuários de mulheres autopsiadas no período de 1988 a 2013. Foram coletados 30 fragmentos do corpo uterino e 30 do colo uterino, dividido em dois grupos, 15 com Aids e 15 sem. A quantificação das fibras colágenas do corpo e colo uterino foi feita nas lâminas coradas por picrosirius, utilizando-se o sistema KS-300®. Resultados: a porcentagem de fibras colágenas foi menor no colo (U=336544; p=0,001) e maior no corpo uterino (U=308 726,5; p=0,004) no grupo com a retrovirose quando comparado ao grupo sem a doença. A porcentagem no grupo com Aids foi maior no colo uterino do que no corpo (t=0,4793; p=0,0031). Sendo o mesmo resultado encontrado para o grupo sem Aids (t=2.397; p=0,0637). Conclusões: um aumento da porcentagem de fibras colágenas no corpo uterino das mulheres com Aids indica uma resposta imune frente a infecção viral e revela uma falha em manter a infecção restrita ao colo. A interpretação dos parâmetros histoquímicos e morfométricos podem ser úteis no diagnóstico das condições associadas à infecção pelo HIV, contribuindo para a melhora clínica e expectativa de vida.